By Brian Peck, US Fish & Wildlife Service
Several landowners have expressed their concern to me that a beaver dam on their property has blocked the upstream migration of salmon. I have heard this frequently enough that I figured it would be worthwhile to write an article addressing this concern. But first, it would be useful to take a closer look at the animal in question here.
The beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis and it can be found throughout North America, except in deserts and arctic regions. Beavers are the largest rodent in North America, weighing between 30 and 70 pounds, and measuring three feet long (that's bigger than my dog!).
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Beavers live in family groups of 4-8, with the adult male and female forming a monogamous pair for life. Their body is uniquely adapted to life in and around water, with webbed back feet, flap like valves in their nose and ears, and a third clear eyelid. The beaver's tail is unique too; acting as a rudder in water, counter balance on land, and fat storage area for cold winter months. Beavers eat a variety of food throughout the year, from tree bark in winter, to water lily roots, leaves, berries, and even mushrooms in the spring, summer, and fall. Beavers build their dams in order to create ponded areas along streams that will provide shelter and reliable food sources throughout the year.
Beaver dams can range from a fairly simple pile of sticks to stout eight foot high engineered structures. Some of these beaver dams can appear to be a formidable barrier to upstream fish migration. However, a dam that looks impassable during the summertime is often passable during high flows of fall, winter, and spring, when salmon and steelhead are migrating upstream. The dam can even get washed away during these high flows, with the beavers rebuilding it the following year.
Dams that are a fish passage barrier during salmon migration still provide important habitat benefits to salmon during other times of year. One such benefit is the slow release of water from the pond during the summer, resulting in more water downstream during this critical season. Also, given time, the beavers will run out of food and leave the area. The dam will break apart and the area will return to a stream / wetland setting.
Adult Coho salmon are particularly adept at navigating through beaver dams, being able to wiggle and squirm their way through small openings in or around the dam. Juvenile Coho typically reside in freshwater for about a year before migrating to Grays Harbor and then the ocean. Beaver ponds provide ideal habitat for these juvenile Coho, including calm spots to escape from high flows, lots of food, and protection from predators.
So if you know of a beaver dam, and one that looks like it could possibly be a barrier to salmon migration, take a second look at it in the fall, winter, or spring to see what it looks like then. Also, take a look upstream of the dam for spawned out salmon carcasses, or wait until the following summer to carefully look for young Coho salmon thriving in the pond.
There is a lot of information about beavers on the internet, including at http://sevilleta.unm.edu/data/species/mammal/profile/american-beaver.html.
Brian Peck is the coordinator of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Chehalis Fisheries Restoration Program, 360-753-8084 or brian_peck@fws.gov
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By Lee Napier, Grays Harbor County, Chehalis Basin Partnership Project Manager
In August, the Drops of Water featured an article describing the cooperative efforts undertaken for Water Resource Planning (Chapter 90.82 RCW) and Salmon Recovery (Chapter 77.85 RCW) in the Chehalis River Basin. This month continues the series by elaborating on Water Resources Planning accomplishments in the Chehalis Basin by the Chehalis Basin Partnership.
Since October 1999, members of the Chehalis Basin Partnership continue to work diligently to accomplish tasks that ultimately lead to the development of a Watershed Management Plan for the Chehalis Basin, Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIAs 22 and 23). At times, some of us may ask if the group has realized any tangible accomplishments, which may in turn lead some to doubt that our efforts are making a difference. While I was not the project manager at the inception, I can attest to the accomplishments over the last 3 years.
In 1999, the Partnership retained the professional services of Envirovision Corporation, which, in association with Watershed Professionals Network and SAIC, embarked upon the tedious task of developing the Level I Assessment. This assessment presented an extensive analysis of the basin-wide characteristics and associated data that needed assimilation before developing the watershed management plan. Copies of this report and the Detailed Level I Summary can be downloaded from Grays Harbor County's website: www.co.grays-harbor.wa.us.
Completion of this massive task left the group pondering what was next. Should the group proceed with decisions regarding Phase II, Level 2 projects or should the group begin to assemble the watershed plan? The group opted to assemble the watershed plan through development of an outline. This juncture introduced the consultant team comprised of Triangle Associates Inc. and Tetra Tech/KCM.
Under the direction of Bob Wheeler, the Triangle Team embarked on discussions with individuals and small groups from the Partnership to better understand and later articulate the future vision and goals statement. Triangle assembled the information into an uncomplicated mission statement that reads: "A management plan that will result in effective, economical, and equitable management of the water in the Chehalis Basin to sustain viable and healthy communities and habitat conditions necessary for native fish." This mission statement was accompanied by eight goals and supporting objectives. Copies of the mission statement, goals and objectives (one document), can be downloaded from www.co.grays-harbor.wa.us.
During this same time, the Triangle Team worked with the Partnership to develop a draft outline for the watershed management plan. This enabled the Partnership members to envision how that final product would look at the end of four arduous years. The Partnership adopted this outline during the September 28, 2001 meeting. Copies of the outline can be downloaded from www.co.grays-harbor.wa.us.
This year commenced with the organization of stakeholder meetings. The Partnership determined that the best way to gather stakeholder issues would include physically sitting down and holding frank, organized discussions. The Partnership met with stakeholders through organized meetings held in Ocean Shores, Montesano, Black Lake, and Chehalis. Those who attended shared some great ideas and critical issues. Over the summer and early fall, the Steering Technical Committee began to organize the issues by consolidating the statements into a methodical format for further consideration, discussion, and prioritization by the Partnership.
The Partnership realized many accomplishments over the last three years; however, a considerable amount of work still lies ahead. If you are interested in participating in future accomplishments of the Partnership, please contact Lee Napier at 1.800.230.1638 or e-mail Lnapier@co.grays-harbor.wa.us.
"Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts." Albert Einstein, sign hanging in Einstein's office at Princeton.Back to top or back to home page or back to Whats New
By Pete Holm, Chehalis River Council and Capitol Land Trust
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On Sunday, July 13, a group of us from the Upper Chehalis, Black River and Newaukum River watersheds (and one friend from Olympia) gathered on the banks of Blue Slough to explore the Surge Plain of the Chehalis River by canoe and kayak. Even though we were familiar with upstream portions of the Chehalis River Basin, here we seemed to be entering a territory that in some ways was foreign and exotic.
The first thing that was different was that we had to plan for the tides. Aberdeen tides were predicted to be low at about 10 in the morning, high at about 5 in the afternoon, and low again at half past ten in the evening. We knew that it would be hard to launch at low tide, so we planned a 3 o'clock departure. The planned itinerary was to go down Blue Slough to the main stem of the Chehalis, up the Chehalis to Preacher's Slough, up Preacher's Slough to a branch that would take us back to an upstream reach of Blue Slough, then down Blue Slough to the beginning. This launch point is located about two and a half miles from State Route 107 on Blue Slough Road, southwest of Montesano. It happens also to be the western terminus of the Chehalis River Surge Plain Interpretive Trail maintained by the Department of Natural Resources.
The planned route totaled about seven miles on the water, and we expected it would take three or four hours for the trip. During the first leg, the mile from the put-in point to the Chehalis, we struggled with a headwind and contrary tidal current, and some of us began to doubt that we could make the whole circuit before dark. The slough was lined on both sides with rows of pilings, a relic of days when huge log rafts were towed through them. The weather was bright and partly cloudy with some threat of rain squalls.
The Surge Plain is within the coastal belt of Sitka spruce habitat, and the wetlands are covered with a forest of spruce intermixed with western red cedar. This in itself was very different from what most of us are used to, the interior forest where Douglas fir, hemlock and true firs predominate. Most of the smaller plants, of course, such as the pond lilies, were familiar, but others were foreign to most of us. Those with sharp eyes may have noticed alien invaders such as Purple Loosestrife; in fact, Ken Guza, our friend from Olympia, has volunteered with the Department of Natural Resources to participate in a control program for that weed in the surge plain.
Once into the Chehalis, the headwind became a tailwind and the incoming tide carried us rapidly a third of a mile to the next waypoint, the mouth of Preacher's Slough, which was named after J.S. Douglas, a Methodist-Episcopal minister who took a wrong turn up it in 1859 while paddling his canoe from Cosmopolis to Montesano. He became late for a chicken dinner.
Once in the slough, we were mostly out of the wind, but the tidal current continued to be favorable, and we sped along faster than we had anticipated. We began looking for a spot to pull out and enjoy our snacks, but we never did find one on the marshy banks, thick with brush and vegetation. It was almost three miles to our next turning point, but it took us less than an hour, which put us ahead of schedule. It would be easy to become disoriented in the sloughs (as did Rev. Douglas), especially when the sun is not out, because distant landmarks are obscured by the trees, and the wetland, while it has many interesting features such as fabulous woodpecker habitat in the form of snags, is largely devoid of features you can take note of to find your way. I was glad that I had my handheld GPS along, and had put in a waypoint for the place to exit Preacher's Slough and head back westward toward our point of departure. Lacking this artificial aid, I would have relied on the fact that higher ground and Douglas fir trees appeared to our south and we could hear traffic on the road.
The next mile or so presented quite a different prospect. The branch linking Preacher's Slough with Blue Slough was narrow and came right up to the road embankment in one place. We still didn't find a spot to pull out and enjoy our snacks, however. Kingfishers fished. Hawks and eagles soared overhead. A large animal crashed through the brush û it could have been an elk or a bear, but we couldn't see it. Some of us saw something quite unusual: a large fish, a sturgeon no doubt, estimated at ten feet long, broke the surface near shore.
The last mile and a half became a little bit of a challenge. We had a headwind again for much of the way, the threatened rain squalls appeared, and we had to break out rain gear. It grew chilly. We all arrived safe and sound at our destination, however and had taken less than three hours. As we munched on our snacks and hoisted canoes onto vehicles, everyone agreed that it was a great trip, and a place we would like to explore further. Here in the seemingly undramatic Chehalis River Basin, adventure is never very far away.
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By Rob Schanz, Chehalis River Council
Join us on October 18 at Rainbow Falls State Park to celebrate clean water and learn about river monitoring! The Chehalis River Council is hosting hands-on demonstrations of the methods and equipment used in our Upper Chehalis Basin Volunteer Monitoring Program. This is an opportunity for school groups and private citizens to learn how to measure streamflow, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and water temperature. We'll also demonstrate how to sample for benthic macroinvertebrates (the bugs that tells us how rivers are really doing), and how to measure important habitat features like streambed material and tree canopy cover.
This event will be held as part of National Water Monitoring Day on October 18, 2002. National Water Monitoring Day is the flagship event for the Year of Clean Water, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the historic Clean Water Act. School groups, non-profits, and scientists throughout the nation will be celebrating the water quality improvements we have achieved since the Clean Water Act was passed. Monitoring data from these groups will be posted on a website (www.yearofcleanwater.org) to give us a snapshot of water quality across the country.
The Upper Chehalis Basin Volunteer Monitoring Program is an effort by the Chehalis River Council to learn more about water quality, quantity, and habitat in our headwater streams. The program is partially funded by a grant from the Department of Ecology, and is staffed by an experienced team of volunteers. We monitor four sites in the upper basin, including Elk Creek, the South Fork Chehalis River, the Middle Fork Newaukum River, and Berwick Creek.
School groups and individuals who want to participate in this event should register with Rob Schanz, the Chehalis River Council volunteer monitoring coordinator, at (360) 291-3725 or by e-mail at rwschanz@localaccess.com. For more information on National Water Monitoring Day, go to the Year of Clean Water website at www.yearofcleanwater.org.
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By Nancy Ness, Grays Harbor County Noxious Weed Control
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Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is an aggressive wetland and riparian invader that is not native to western Washington. Purple loosestrife has been steadily creeping along the shores of the Chehalis River and its tributaries, crowding out native plants and wildlife. One very amazing attribute of purple loosestrife: each mature plant is capable of producing 2.7 million tiny seeds annually, that's right, 2.7 million! These seeds are spread by wind, water, wildlife and humans and are similar to grains of sand.
A project to survey and control purple loosestrife is underway by Grays Harbor, Thurston and Lewis Counties' Weed Control Boards, The Grays Harbor Conservation District, Washington Department of Natural Resources Natural Areas Program, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Grant dollars from the Washington Department of Ecology are helping to fund this endeavor.
We encourage clipping flowering spikes and any of last year's dry seed heads and immediately bagging to prevent seeds from spreading. Smaller clumps of loosestrife should pulled with the aid of a fork to get as much root as possible. Larger infestations can be mowed or clipped after removing any seed heads. Chemical control is an option for upland dry sites if applied selectively to only individual purple loosestrife plants; any native plants should be left to provide competition and cover. A licensed professional with a special permit can chemically treat infestations near or in water.
Help may be available for riverbank owners with purple loosestrife depending on location. Biological control is an option that has been used with success in very large problem areas along the lower Chehalis. If you are aware of infestations of this lovely, yet aggressive perennial, please contact your County Weed Control office:
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By Bill Barmettler, Chehalis River Council
[Photo caption: Northwestern Juvenile salamander Photo: Bill Barmettler]
When asked about animals that rely on the streams and stream side habitat of the Pacific Northwest, many people think of salmon, or beavers, or perhaps even frogs. This article is about salamanders, another group of creatures whose health is closely tied to the waterways of our countryside.
There are only 10 salamander species and one species of newt living in our neck of the woods. Most everyone's seen the Roughskin Newt, which is as common as cattails. Almost everyone will never see more than one or two salamander species in their natural habitat. These are reclusive creatures. The typical salamander will ride out the winter tucked into a rotting cedar stump or some other subterranean refuge, become active for a short time in the spring to mate, then spend the summer hiding in cool places near water waiting for food to come along. If you want to see salamanders, you'll have to work for the experience.
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I'll never forget my first encounter with a Columbia Torrent salamander. I was with a Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife (WDFW) employee, who was surveying for amphibians (salamanders and frogs) as part of the Forest and Fish Agreement (FFR). We were slowly working up a steep creek in the Willapa Hills. Some rotten cedar gave way beneath me, and I threw my arm out toward a mossy cedar log to catch my fall. I looked over to the log while getting back on my feet. Sitting there perfectly still, just inches from my hand, was a beautiful little Torrent. His upper surfaces were a midnight blue, with a universe of tiny metallic star points scattered throughout. His underside was a brilliant orange, as bright as the sun. We weighed and measured him, then returned him to his log, where he indignantly pushed under some fallen leaves. I felt honored to have met such an amazing little animal.
Our salamanders follow two different systems of development. Aquatic salamanders, such as the Northwestern and the Torrent, lay their eggs in water. The young hatch as aquatic larvae with external gills. At this stage, they roughly resemble frog tadpoles. There may be several stages between hatchling and adult. Some of the aquatic salamanders exhibit neotenic forms, which means they retain some characteristics of the larval stages, such as the external gills, but reach sexual maturity. Neotenes never fully metamorphose into their adult forms and emerge from the water onto land. A full-sized Northwestern neotene can grow to almost the length of a man's hand. With those bizarre gills sticking out from behind its head like feather dusters, it makes quite an impression on the first-time observer.
Fully terrestrial salamanders, such as the Ensatina, lay their eggs on land. The young complete most of their development within the egg and hatch as tiny versions of the adult form. The terrestrial salamanders typically stay close to water but do not spend parts of their life cycles in it. Here's a weird fact û our terrestrial salamanders are lungless. That's right, they have no lungs. They only "breathe" through their skin and the linings of the mouth.
One of the most intriguing things about salamanders is that there's a lot we don't know about them. Basic data about the ranges and life histories of several species have not been published. A new species was identified in 1970. We don't know what some of them eat, what their eggs look like, where they hide their nests, how far their ranges extend. The opportunity exists for amateur naturalists to make "herpetological history" with careful observations.
Salamanders have been hard hit by man's activities, such as the nearly total loss of their old-growth forest habitat in the Pacific Northwest to logging. Recently, biologists have noted an alarming decline of some amphibian species worldwide. This reduction may be caused by increased UV radiation because of the thinning ozone layer, chronic exposure to pesticides, habitat loss, or some combination of factors both natural and man-made.
Pond-breeding salamanders are also threatened by the bullfrog, a native to the East Coast that's been introduced here by man. The bullfrog has wreaked havoc wherever it has spread, eating everything in sight and devastating native amphibian populations.
Salamanders like clear, cold water. The Torrent is happiest near small, cold streams that don't go above 55 degrees F. in the summer. That's brisk, baby. Water temperatures in the mid 70's, which humans might just begin to find tolerable wearing a shortie wetsuit, will kill some salamanders. You can toss the typical salamander in a zip-loc baggie and put it in your fridge for a few weeks without hurting it. Try to keep some of the more temperature sensitive species, such as the Torrent, in a terrarium at room temperature and it will soon be dead.
The Forest and Fish Rule (FFR) was mentioned earlier. The FFR is an agreement reached between the state and the timber industry to lessen the environmental impacts of logging. Whatever its shortcomings, the Agreement does include components that allow for greater protection around areas that provide necessary habitat for amphibians. Since not much is known about where exactly the amphibians are or how they adapt to logging practices, there has been a renewed effort to find out more about these shy creatures. The WDFW is into its third year of research, looking at non-fish bearing headwater streams to learn all it can about how amphibians adapt to logging practices. The WDFW has focused much of their work on the Willapa Hills because the greatest diversity of amphibians in the state exists there. The Willapa Hills are also the headwaters for the South and East Forks of the Chehalis River. So which river hosts more amphibian species than any other in Washington State? The Chehalis River does. Good thing to know in case that question comes up in a pop quiz.
Salamanders and other amphibians are just as much a part of the Northwest as salmon. They're just not as visible nor as widely appreciated. That may change to some small degree as more is learned about them. Salamanders need some human champions; people who'll stick up for them and help protect the near-stream habitats they rely on. If you own streamside property, please protect it. If you don't, there are numerous ways to make your voice heard.
If you're interested in learning more about salamanders and other amphibians, the best field book we've found is "Amphibians of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia," by Corkran and Thoms, published by Lone Pine. A good reference book is "Amphibians & Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest" by Nussbaum, Brodie, and Storm, published by University of Idaho Press. A word of warning: the authors use words like "depauperate" and "epeirogenic activity." If you know what these words mean, great. For the other 99% of us, this book is a bit harder to wade through.
This article freely borrowed from the above books. Some of the information regarding the WDFW amphibian surveys came from personal conversation with Marc Hayes, PhD., Research Scientist for the WDFW Habitat Program.
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By Janet Strong, Chehalis River Basin Land Trust
These are but a few of the names for North America's most successful wild dog, the coyote, Canis latrans. Native Americans so admired its intelligence and cleverness that many tribal names for coyote translate as "God's dog." It is featured in numerous western Indian stories as a trickster. The origin of the word "coyote" seems to be the Nawautl Indians' "coyotl." "Prairie wolf" refers to its historical range throughout the Great Plains.
At the time Europeans entered North America in large numbers, the coyote had a more limited range than it enjoys today. It was a resident of the plains and arid lands only, between the Rockies and the lands just west of the Mississippi, from southern California to Kansas and Texas, north to the plains of Canada and south down the Baja Peninsula and into parts of Central America. Today people living in much of North America can find tracks and scat and maybe hear the singing of this wild dog somewhere in their own locale. Much of Alaska, all of western and southern Canada, all the lower 48 states, all of Mexico and parts of Central America currently support populations of coyotes. Coyotes now hold territories in open and forested lands, in cities and suburbs, on farms and ranches.
How did this large range expansion come about? Several events occurred. Whites persecuted the coyotes' number one enemy, the wolf. Wolves, stronger and swifter, had historically kept coyote numbers down by killing those they could catch. Since the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park, coyote numbers there have dropped dramatically.
Whites also cleared forest land, creating the open spaces with which coyotes evolved. Coyotes seem to prefer the long range vistas that enable them to scan for prey and enemy alike. Never at the top of the food chain, coyotes have always been wary, alert, hidden and opportunistic. They can reproduce quickly to replace family members lost to predation, whether from wolves, bears, cougars or humans. Robert Crabtree and Jennifer Sheldon of Yellowstone Ecosystem Studies have observing coyotes for years. They have concluded that pup survival to adulthood is very high among hunted family groups versus a 1 to 2 pup survival rate among undisturbed populations. Estimates are that twice as many coyotes live in North America now as did in the 1850's. Also, human persecution of the coyote itself over the past century has hastened the evolution of a smarter, more wary individual.
Coyotes are significantly smaller than a wolf, ranging in weight from 12 pounds in Mexico to over 40 pounds in Texas and other areas. Average weight for males is 30 pounds with females being slightly smaller. Body length is between 3.5 to 5 feet including a bottle-shaped tail over a foot long. Coat color is brownish or reddish gray, with lighter shades of tan and cream in northern races. A black tip often graces the tail. Ears are large, indicative of the coyote's state of extreme alertness.
Territories are surprisingly small for a family group, being 40-50 square miles where food supplies are abundant and twice as large in poorer areas. A mated pair will leave its territory only under duress. Families consist of a mated pair with offspring from a few seasons plus a female relative or two. Experts disagree on whether coyotes mate for life, but a pair generally stays together for years. Coyotes may live singly also, especially the young adults seeking out their own territories. Hunting occurs singly, by pairs or in groups. Grouping is greater in the winter.
Coyote pups begin life in one of many underground dens excavated by their parents. Refurbished badger dens make handy shelters. Each round fat baby may have from one to 11 siblings, the average being 5. After two weeks of nothing but mother's milk, the youngsters are introduced to mice, eggs or other items regurgitated by its parent. One male coyote was observed regurgitating a dozen mice and a jackrabbit in one setting! Both parents and, often, older siblings bring food for the little coyotes. Pups with a large extended family of aunts and older siblings have the best chance of survival.
After weaning at about six weeks, the pups begin their education as a consumer of live, huntable prey. Parents first deposit live prey at the den door for their offspring to catch and eat. Then they lead the pups farther afield for real hunting lessons. Variety is the spice of a coyote diet which changes with the season and locale. Over 50% of most diets consist of small mammals û rats, mice, rabbits, hares, ground squirrels, gophers, etc. Coyotes also consume insects, especially grasshoppers, birds, bird eggs, snakes, lizards, frogs, berries, apples, carrion of animals of all sizes, fawns of deer, elk and antelope and roadkill. In certain areas some coyotes will make a meal of dog and cat food, small pets and lambs if the opportunity arises.
The Coyote or God's Dog occupies an important niche in the food web as a predator. Its hunting habits help keep the populations of small mammals, especially rodents, from exploding and upsetting the balance of nature. When coyotes (and wolves) are completely removed from an area, populations of rodents and some insects increase dramatically, leading to the consumption of enormous amounts of grains and other plants. Plant-eating wildlife and domestic animals may be adversely affected by the overabundance of this competition. The predator, coyote in this case, is the balancing factor in maintaining healthy numbers of individuals in the other levels of the food web.
Finally, the Song: The unearthly, tremulous song of the coyote ascending into the upper regions of our hearing intrigues most people. Whether at dusk or dawn or under the full moon, its haunting chorus transports our imaginations into a wilderness few of us are privileged to enter physically. One late afternoon last fall as I set out on a walk, I heard a coyote pair singing to each other. After a mile walk which took me in a large loop ending not far from where they were still singing, I very carefully sneaked up on one of them. From behind a big-leaf maple 75 feet away, I watched one of them howling for at least 20 minutes. Its mate answered from below the hill. Finally, it turned with a wuf-wuf-wuf and trotted off in the opposite direction. This same pair came together later and sang all might long. Unforgettable! What message does the coyote have for us?
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By Kathy Jacobson, Chehalis Basin Education Consortium Coordinator
The Chehalis Basin Education Consortium (CBEC) is a partnership comprised of school districts, natural resource agencies, institutions of higher education, and nonprofit agencies within the Chehalis watershed.
The primary purpose of this project is "to support stewardship of the Chehalis watershed through environmental education by linking Washington's learning goals and standards to environmental issues that are part of this watershed. In addition, the program aims to provide related professional development and enrichment opportunities for teachers."
Participating School Districts include: Aberdeen, Adna, Boistfort, Centralia, Elma, Mary M. Knight, Montesano, Napavine, North River, Ocosta, Onalaska, Pe Ell, Rochester, Tenino, and Wishkah Valley in the Chehalis basin.
What does the CBEC program offer teachers?
Want to Get Involved?
If you are interested in becoming involved with the CBEC, please contact: Tom Hulst, Assistant Superintendent, Educational Service District 113, (360) 586-2966, thulst@esd113.k12.wa.us or Kathy Jacobson, CBEC Coordinator, (360) 493-0182, jacfam5@aol.com.
We welcome new teachers in our program, and look forward to working with you!
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