Drops
Of
Water
Issue 29 April 1999
The first people to find errors in spelling or word structure receive a free map of the Chehalis watershed. Send us an e-mail note telling us about the error.
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Welcome
to the
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Issue 29 April 1999 |
This newsletter appears monthly in 45,000 households throughout the watershed. Printing is done by The Chronicle, and distribution is by the Chronicle, the Olympia Daily Olympian, the Tenino Independent, the Rochester Sun News and the Aberdeen Daily World. This is an early edition available only to WWW users. Please send us your feedback.
The first people to find errors in spelling or word structure receive a free map of the Chehalis watershed. Send us an e-mail note telling us about the error. |
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Ann Coleman, Editor
Washington State has thirty-nine county names. Unscramble these to find the names:
| 1. ELWSI | 2. DASMA | 3. KLFRNIAN | 4. AYGHBORSRAR |
| 5. NTBNEO | 6. TSANOI | 7. MYAIKA | 8. LAWALLAWAL |
| 9. HUTRNOST | 10. ALISDN | 11. GDLSOUSA | 12. MALCALL |
| 13. TMHNIWA | 14. NGOKONAA | 15. BOICLUMA | 16. FCPAICI |
| 17. CINLONL | 18. GIKN | 19. NTGAR | 20. FENSEJFOR |
| 21. YFRER | 22. FGDAIREL | 23. HLCEAN | 24. SEVNETS |
| 25. GSAKIT | 26. EOPDENEIRLL | 27. JSNAANU | 28. TWMCHOA |
| 29. KPONSAE | 30. CIPERE | 31. MNOSIHOSH | 32. TSITAICKT |
| 33. ZCIWTOL | 34. KLRAC | 35. KMAHWAIKU | 36. PKTASI |
| 37. NASMO | 38. TLITKCIKA | 39. MKSANIAA |
Ask your teacher if you can get extra credit for memorizing all the Washington counties. It could help your grade!
JOKES:
JOE: Jeremy, Why did you buy a farm 10 miles long and one inch wide?
JEREMY: I want to grow worms!
KRISTEN: Dad, that was a really great fishing spot we had today. I marked it so we could fish there next weekend too!
DAD: How did you mark it, Kristen?
KRISTEN: I put a big "X" on the side of the board where the fish were.
My brother came home from fishing and said he didn't even get a bite, so I bit him!
POEM
Computers
are like tutors
on tables
every day.
They help you learn
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To The Editor:
My wife and I consider Lewis County to be one of the best tree-growing sites in the state, or even in the nation. We are writing this letter to express what we believe future generations should know about the proper care and management of this natural resource.
We owned and operated 160 acres of forest land in Pend Oreille County in eastern Washington for 18 years, from 1958 to 1976. In 1970 we acquired 56 acres of forest land in the upper part of the South Fork of the Chehalis River basin, which we have operated since then up to the present time. We have done some selective logging on this property in two different years.
Based on our own experience and on studies we have made of forest land management and practices, we would like to submit some observations and recommendations which we believe should be technical guidelines for forest landowners in western Washington.
Observations:
1. Western Red Cedar is becoming an endangered tree species in Lewis County- just read the classified ads in the local paper. Red Cedar plantings should be made and protected in all suitable locations. Soil surveys should be studied before selecting proper species of trees to be planted in any given location.
2. We have witnessed several winter runoffs in the watershed of the South Fork of the Chehalis. Frozen ground conditions with rain and wet snowfall have more than doubled the normal runoff
3 . Careless road construction and large clearcuts have caused steadily increased runoff on sloping land.
4. The South Fork of the Chehalis has been, and should continue to be, an important salmon stream.
Recommended guidelines for selective harvesting of all species of trees on forest land from 2 to 300+ acres are as follows:
1. Plans for access and fire control should be made for each tract. When possible, water and debris storage ponds should be established.
2. Clearcutting should be limited to stands of short-lived trees such as alder and cottonwood, not over 10 acres.
3. Where the dominant trees are conifers, 10 to 50 mature trees, at least, should be left on each acre of forest land. The more mature trees left, the better will be the control of runoff.
4. Use mechanical means to control brush and other competing plants on dry soils. Following such mechanical work, the proper species of trees may be planted at the proper seasons. Chemical control on the cambium layer of a tree or shrub may be used on small areas.
5. On-site inspections are generally advisable to assure that guidelines are being properly followed.
6. Every forest landowner should be encouraged to read The Redesigned Forest , a book by Chris Maser, a professional forester living in Oregon. (Unfortunately, this excellent book is no longer in print, but may be found in libraries or used-book stores.)
Respectfully,
Ramon L. Kent
Stewardship Forester
Lacey, WA
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Editors note: This month the focus is on the Hoquiam. Each month we will publish a watershed description from the original 1992 Chehalis River Basin Action Plan.
We are looking for serious volunteers who will help the Chehalis River Council bring this section of the report up to date. Please contact us if you are interested.
HOQUIAM RIVER
Within the larger Chehalis drainage system, a series of rivers flow south from the Olympic Mountains and foothills. These rivers, the Satsop, Wynoochee, Wishkah, Hoquiam, and Humptulips, share many similarities and some significant differences. All of these rivers, except the Hoquiam, originate in the steepness of the southern flanks of the Olympics. Collectively they drain an area of nearly 1000 square miles.
The Hoquiam River consists of three main forks, which drain approximately 98 square miles. Its upland soils are principally of the Hoquiam-LeBar series, which formed on ground glacial moraines flowing from the last glacial periods. These soils are typically characterized as clayish. Agriculture has been limited by the high water retention and relatively low fertility of its soils.
The river drainage was originally covered by conifer forests; principal species being western hemlock, Sitka spruce, and western red cedar. Logging began early in the Hoquiam drainage with its access to tidewater and relatively gently rolling hills. The soils accumulated under forest cover over the centuries were deep and rich in organic matter. The decay of organic matter causes the formation of various acids. These acids in solution cause a gradual leaching process, so that basic elements are leached away. Some are washed downstream, and most are assimilated onto the live biomass of the forest. This gradual process is self-renewing by the continual deposition of material from the forest canopy to the forest floor.
One additional characteristic of the Hoquiam watershed is worth note. Between Big Creek, a tributary of the Hoquiam, and the Humptulips drainage, is an area known as Axford Prairie. This glacial gravel outwash was one of the original openings in the dense native forest, burned annually by natives to produce natural pasturage. Seasonally very dry to waterlogged, Axford Prairie has a substantial lodgepole pine community, and is typical of a number of such prairies on the western and southern edges of the Olympic peninsula.
Beneficial Uses of Water
The city of Hoquiam owns a 7500-acre municipal watershed, with reservoirs on Davis Creek and the West Fork of the Hoquiam. These reservoirs experience regular siltation, reducing water storage capacity and water quality. Historically, the city has drained and removed silt from the reservoirs every other year. In July 1987 this operation resulted in a condition of high turbidity and low dissolved oxygen, causing a fish kill of over 28,000 fish and resulting in a citation and fine by the Department of Ecology. The City of Hoquiam is redirecting its efforts to assure water quality through a combination of technical improvements and development of better terrestrial resource management. A proposed management plan following the model of the Timber/Fish/Wildlife process offers the possibility for increased public involvement and a dynamic management process.
A minimum flow of 6.1 cfs was recorded in October 1942. No records for maximum or average flows are available.
Biological Resources
Plant ecologists designate several different vegetation zones. Of the Chehalis River drainage bioregion, the Humptulips, Wishkah, and Hoquiam, Rivers fit into the Sitka Spruce zone, where the best timber-growing sites of the Douglas fir region are found. The Douglas -fir region is considered to be one of the most biomass-productive in the world, thus making the western Chehalis subwatersheds truly world-class areas for forestry and natural forest formation. Most of the natural second-growth timber has now been logged, which is largely dense stand Hemlock and Douglas-fir. Planted timber, principally Douglas-fir is beginning to be cut, and nearly all reforestation efforts until recently have been to establish selected Douglas-fir plantations. Timberland managers such as ITT Rayonier (or R.T.O.C. as its subsidiary holding company is known), the largest landowner in the Hoquiam watershed, are now planting other adapted species as well, such as red cedar. Sitka Spruce, and Western Hemlock on appropriate sites.
The Hoquiam provides spawning and rearing habitat for Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch), fall Chinook Salmon (O. Tshawytscha), steelhead trout (Salmo gairdinerii), and sea run cutthroat (Salmo clarkii).
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Mike Kelly, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Chehalis Fisheries Restoration Program
Probably by the time you read this lots of little salmon will be emerging from the gravel of the streams in the Chehalis River Basin. Let's go through three of our common species, and talk a little bit about what happens in the first year or two of life.
General
After they hatch from the egg, salmon spend some time in the gravel as "alevin." An alevin is not yet ready to swim around or to feed. Instead, they carry a yolk-sac from which they get their sustenance. Once it absorbs its yolk-sac the fry leaves the gravel to begin, well, acting like a fry of its species should act. Feeding, habitat selection, migration and other life history patterns are unique to each species, and are even unique to particular populations of a species. These fry don't have mom and pop around to show them how to act - the "knowledge" is carried in their genes.
The amount of time each species spends in freshwater varies quite a bit. When a fry is nearly ready to head to sea, it begins to undergo changes that allow it to survive in salt water. This stage is called the "smolt." Smolts are typically a shiny silver color. Fish biologists seem to like smolts a lot since you can observe them (both the smolts and the biologists) all moving in the same direction at the same time. It's easy for us to trap smolts for research purposes. (I started my career sampling smolts migrating past the John Day Dam on the Columbia River.) Now some particulars . . .
Chum (or dog) salmon
If a newly emerged chum fry could speak, it would say, "I'm out of here!" Chum salmon spend very little time in freshwater. (Of course, biology is never that cut and dried. I have found bright shiny chum smolts migrating out months after hatching. Heck, variety is essential for evolution, so more power to 'em!) Anyway, they usually head out to the estuary in short order - Grays Harbor in our case. They spend a few months in the estuary before heading to the ocean. An estuary is where river water and sea water mix, and it's a very fertile place. There are lots of copepods, amphipods, and other little crustaceans that little chum feed on. They'll spend two to five years in the sea before coming back to start the cycle again.
Coho (or silver) salmon
Coho rear in freshwater for over a year before their seaward migration. They are especially fond of beaver ponds, side channels, and large pools with lots of cover. I suspect that this year will see lots of coho fry in beaver ponds. Our rains started a little late, but when they came, they came good! High stream flows in the fall allow spawning coho to migrate farther upstream, and the high flows make it easier for them to get past beaver dams. A coho that hatches above a good beaver pond is a happy coho. Rearing in a pond, as opposed to rearing in a stream, allows the fry to grow bigger during its freshwater residency. Hey, you don't have to waste energy fighting current in a pond! Generally, the bigger the coho gets in freshwater, the better chance it has to survive in the ocean. I bet we have a good return of adult coho in about three years.
Most coho from last year's hatch will migrate out this April and May, so if you do the math, you'll realize that there are two generations of coho in our streams during the spring. Again, biology is messy, so some coho will hang around for months, or even a year or more extra. In any event, these two generations of coho are feeding largely on aquatic insects, and insects that don't really want to be aquatic, but land in the water anyway. Little coho are suckers for anything that lands on the water. If you want to see some coho fry, flick a little stick into the water. If the stick is violently attacked by a bunch of small fish, chances are that they are coho.
Chinook (or king) salmon
Chinook are a little complicated, so bear with me here. We have two runs in the Chehalis River. Spring chinook enter the river in the spring and hold until they spawn in the late summer and early fall. Fall chinook enter and spawn in the fall. During spawning the two runs can be hard to separate because the fall chinook may begin spawning before the spring chinook are done. However, if you see large brownish salmon spawning in the late summer or early fall while the water is still low, chances are that they are spring chinook.
Spring chinook typically exhibit what is called a "stream-type" life history. They rear in freshwater for a year or two before heading to sea in the spring. These stream-type chinook go more directly to the ocean environment. They show up in biologists' traps earlier in the spring, and are larger than their fall chinook cousins. Once stream-type chinook get to the marine environment they are likely to migrate great distances in the open ocean.
Fall chinook usually have an "ocean-type" life history, spending from just a few days to two or three months in freshwater before heading out. Most of them show up in our smolt traps later in the year, and they are smaller than the stream-type fish (because they are much younger). Upon leaving the river fall chinook typically spend several months rearing in the estuary. In the ocean they are more likely to remain near the coast than are the stream-type chinook. Got it?
I'll stop here - mostly because it's a rare sunny day, and my behind is getting flat sitting here at the computer. Anyway, you can't become a good biologist working in an office all the time. I've got some habitat projects to inspect . . .
Questions? Comments? Call me at 360-753-9560.
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Friends of Grays Harbor (FOGH) and Chehalis River Council (CRC) have joined together on the first steps in educating travellers through our area.
Soon you will be seeing signs marking important watersheds and wetland complexes that are important to the health of the Grays Harbor estuary.
The richest and most fertile areas of the world are where fresh water and salt water meet at the ocean's edge.
How important are wetlands and watershed? According to Brady Engvall, President of FOGH, "they are extremely valuable and irreplaceable - we have to protect each and everyone of them."
Here is a brief list of watershed and wetland functions:
~ Biological Diversity. Wetlands provide important habitat for diverse communities of plants and animals, including over 50 percent of the federally listed threatened or endangered species.
~ Waterfowl Habitat. Wetlands provide the principal habitat for migratory waterfowl. Washington provides critical wintering habitat for millions of waterfowl migrating along the Pacific Flyway, which extends from Canada to Mexico.
~ Fisheries.
Wetlands provide direct spawning and rearing habitats and food supply that supports both freshwater and marine fisheries.
~ Flood Control.
Wetlands detain flood flows, reducing the size and destructiveness of floods.
~ Water Quality.
Wetlands absorb and filter pollutants that could otherwise degrade ground water or the water quality of rivers, lakes, and estuaries.
~ Ground Water Recharge.
Some wetlands recharge aquifers that provide urban and agricultural water supplies.
~ Recreation.
Wetlands support a multi-million-dollar fishing, hunting, and outdoor recreation industry nationwide.
These signs were made possible through a grant from Kongsgaard-Goldman for the purpose of educating the public on our critical water dependant resources.
FOGH and CRC would like to thank our grantors for the opportunity to bring this message to the public.
These signs will be appearing at bridges in the western portion of the watershed. Plans are underway to provide signs for each watersheds and streams in the Chehalis Watershed.
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EPA WaterTalk February, 1999
EPA's second update (Version 1.2) of the Index of Watershed Indicators is now posted on the Internet.
The index portrays a national picture of watershed health.
Overall, the update shows little change in watershed conditions from the previous year.
Watersheds are land areas that act as catch basins for rain and snow, and funnel water to specific marshes, streams, rivers, lakes, or to groundwater. The updated website now provides easier access to national and local information, more recent data, and several new data layers. In addition, EPA added several new features.
The EnviroMapper for Watersheds allows users to map and learn more about their own watersheds, and Where Does My Drinking Water Come From? identifies watersheds that are used as water supply sources by specific communities.
To learn more about the index and to find out more about your watershed, visit EPA's website at:
www.epa.gov/surf2/iwi/update/
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EPA WaterTalk February, 1999
Consumers have a new way to tap into important information about their drinking water.
EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water has developed a website that provides easy public access to local drinking water information.
This site offers statistics about water EPA and state rules, links to state plans for using federally funds, annual state and national compliance reports, and contacts for state water source protection programs. The site will also link to water systems' consumer confidence reports as they become available online in 1999. To find out more about your drinking water, visit the website at:
www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htm
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by Senator Gaylord Nelson
Founder of Earth Day
".. .on April 22, 1970, Earth Day was held, one of the most remarkable happenings in the history of democracy. . . "
-American Heritage Magazine, October 1993
For many years prior to Earth Day, it had been troubling to me that the state of our environment was simply a non-issue in the politics of our country. The President, the Congress, the economic power structure of the nation and the press paid almost no attention to this issue, which is of such staggering import to our future. It was clear that until we somehow got this matter into the political arena -- until it became part of the national political dialogue -- not much would ever be achieved. The puzzling challenge was to think up some dramatic event that would focus national attention on the environment.
Finally, in 1962, an idea occurred to me that was, I thought, a virtual cinch to get the environment into the political limelight once and for all.
President Kennedy
Conservation Tour
That idea was to persuade President Kennedy to give national visibility to this issue by going on a nationwide conservation tour, spelling out in dramatic language the serious and deteriorating condition of our environment. The President liked the idea and went on his five-day conservation tour in late September 1963. For many reasons, the tour didn't achieve what I had hoped for; it did not succeed in making the environment a national political issue.
However, it was the germ of the idea that ultimately flowered into Earth Day. Six years would pass before the idea for Earth Day occurred to me in the summer of 1969, while on a conservation speaking tour out West.
Environmental Teach-In
At that time, there was a great deal of turmoil on the college campuses over the Vietnam War. Protests, called anti-war teach-ins, were being widely held on campuses across the nation.
On a flight from Santa Barbara to the University of California-Berkeley, I read an article on the teach-ins, and it suddenly occurred to me: Why not have a nation-wide teach-in on the environment. That was the origin of Earth Day.
In a speech in Seattle in September 1969, I announced there would be a national environmental teach-in in the Spring of 1970. The wire services carried the story nationwide. The response was dramatic. It took off like gangbusters.
Lasting Results
Earth Day achieved what I had hoped for. The objective was to get a nationwide demonstration of concern for the environment so large that it would shake the political establishment out of its lethargy and, finally, force this issue permanently onto the national political agenda. It was a gamble, but it worked. An estimated twenty million people participated in demonstrations all across the country.
It was truly an astonishing grassroots explosion. The people cared, and Earth Day became the first opportunity they ever had to join in a nationwide demonstration to send a big message to the politicians--a message to tell them to wake up an do something.
Source: Envirolink.org
Editors note: What will you do today, tomorrow and everyday to protect the earth?
April 22, 1999 is Earth Day
Volunteer now and do your share!
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Department of Ecology January, 1999
Definition The Department of Ecology supports sustainable communities and natural resources, where at its most basic level, "sustainable" means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Principles for Sustainability The following principles have been developed to provide a framework which can help guide us to sustainable solutions and decisions. The intent is that these principles serve as overarching themes for the entire agency and are necessarily broad. More detailed guidance can be developed in association with any one of these principles in order to promote more specific actions and address specific priorities within each program and for the agency.
The principles should be considered as a working model and are expected to evolve over time. Even though they are presented individually, they should not be viewed in isolation but as interdependent on one another. The principles represent a mosaic of core beliefs that are necessary for a sustainable action or outcome. They are intended to be applied collectively to demonstrate the sustainable nature of a particular action or implication to the agency.
The Principles
1) There is an interdependence between ecological, economic and social factors in achieving sustainability.
Environmental, economic and social goals can be compatible, and are interrelated in such a way that one goal cannot be effectively pursued if at the expense of another. In other words, the availability of natural resources and a clean and healthy environment are essential to our production capability, and conversely, our ability to address environmental and social issues often depends on a strong and vibrant economy. This is sometimes referred to as the "three legged stool".
2) The concept of waste can and should be eliminated.
All materials given to us by nature are returned to the Earth without the concept of waste as we understand it. In nature, everything is cycled constantly, with all waste becoming "food" for other living systems. Waste equates to inefficiency that results in lost profit, lost product, and lost opportunities. It also creates toxic by-products which need to be managed carefully and conscientiously, in some cases for generations.
3) Healthy natural systems are the basis for sustainable communities and economies.
Human communities and human economies are dependent upon the health and long- term vitality of natural systems for their sustenance. Biodiversity and ecosystem integrity are key characteristics which allow nature to constantly cycle wastes into food for other living systems. Our current policies and decisions donít adequately reflect the dependence of communities and economies on the natural capital of biological and geological resources.
4) Future generations should be equal partners in decision making.
Sustainability embodies a commitment to the future. Specifically, it asserts that future generations have a right to an environment which has equal or greater diversity, stability, and resources. The academic term for this ideal is "inter-generational equity." A popular concept, borrowed from the Iroquois nations, mandates that all decisions consider the consequences to the seventh generation. We are now the seventh generation removed from the writers of the Constitution of the United States.
5) Local decisions have regional and global implications.
On a planet of six billion people, bathed by one atmosphere and one "world ocean", where easy communication spans continents and trans-national corporate production exceeds that of most countries, what an individual or a organization does is more important than ever before. The effects of local decisions are no longer constrained by political boundaries, and sometimes not even by physical boundaries. The natural environment is truly global, as are economic and social systems.
6) Incentives are necessary to create sustainable behavior.
"As hard as we may try to create sustainability on a business or individual level, we cannot fully succeed until the institutions surrounding commerce are redesigned. Just as every act of production and consumption in our current industrial society leads to further environmental degradation, regardless of intention or ethics, we need to imagine and then design, a system of commerce where the opposite is true, where everyday acts of work and life accumulate into a better world as a matter of course, not a matter of altruism." (from Paul Hawken, "Ecology of Commerce").
7) Investment in the design phase of a process or product drives sustainable outcomes.
The design phase of a process or product offers the greatest opportunity to create positive value, limit harm, and produce sustainable outcomes. Whether for a permit, a watershed initiative, manufacturing an item or designing a building, time invested upstream in building in the principles of sustainability leads to greater environmental benefits. Conversely, once a building is built, any opportunity to incorporate sustainable design features such as energy efficiencies, is effectively lost.
8) Human relationships and a collaborative approach lead to sustainable solutions.
At the heart of progress towards sustainability is effective human relationships, built on understanding, trust, and respect. It is much easier to focus on natural resource improvements or choose a specific scientific solution when there is understanding and agreement up front about the current condition or problem and what conditions we want instead.
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Does anyone remember North Cove? The following is found in Exploring Washington Past: A Road Guide to History by Ruth Kirk and Carmela Alexander, University of Washington Press.
"North Cove, a former resort town and a curving, 3-mile point of beach a few miles west of Tokeland, washed into the bay; only its pioneer cemetery and relocated houses remain. The erosion resulted from drastic changes at the Willipa Bay entrance. Before 1930 the channel alternated first north, then south on a 12-year cycle. But since the completion of jetties at Grays Harbor and the mouth of the Columbia River, this movement has been steadily northward.
Fifteen hundred acres where homes and hotels and a lighthouse previously stood are now covered with salt water. The jetties, which affect where sand is deposited, contribute to this change, yet they probably do not wholly account for it." (Page 435.)
Constant change as a fact of life is nowhere more apparent than on the coast. Odd that human beings can't seem to learn this lesson. I-
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A new video is now available that explores the complexities of Washington's coastal erosion problems.
"At Ocean's Edge: Coastal Change in Southwest Washington " was produced by Ecology and the U.S. Geological Survey, with help from local coastal communities.
The 20-minute video visually illustrates erosion problem areas along Southwest Washington's dynamic coast. Footage shows the forces of nature in action and a variety of scientific methods being used to sort out the causes of long-term coastal changes.
Interviews with scientists, local government officials, and coastal residents reveal the broad range and complexity of the issues confronting coastal communities and the efforts being made to resolve these issues (see Confluence, Summer 1998).
For a copy of the video, send a $5 check or money order to Department of Ecology, Fiscal Office, Attn: Cashier Section, P.O. Box 5128, Lacey, WA 98509.
For information on Ecology's coastal erosion study, visit the web at www.wa.govlecology/sea/swcel, or contact Brian Voigt at (360) 407-6568, or e-mail:
bvoi461@ecy.wa.gov
| 1. Lewis | 2. Adams | 3. Franklin | 4. Grays Harbor |
| 5. Benton | 6. Asotin | 7. Yakima | 8. Walla Walla |
| 9. Thurston | 10. Island | 11. Douglas | 12. Clallam |
| 13. Whitman | 14. Okanogan | 15. Columbia | 16. Pacific |
| 17. Lincoln | 18. King | 19. Grant | 20. Jefferson |
| 21. Ferry | 22. Garfield | 23. Chelan | 24. Stevens |
| 25. Skagit | 26. Pend Oreille | 27. San Juan | 28. Whatcom |
| 29. Spokane | 30. Pierce | 31. Snohomish | 32. Kittitas |
| 33. Cowlitz | 34. Clark | 35. Wahkiakum | 36. Kitsap |
| 37. Mason | 38. Klickitat | 39. Skamania |
P.S. Check the pronunciation of #26 you may be surpised!
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