Drops
Of
Water
Issue 33 September 1999
The first people to find errors in spelling or word structure receive a free map of the Chehalis watershed. Send us an e-mail note telling us about the error.
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Welcome
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Issue 33 September 1999 |
This newsletter appears monthly in 45,000 households throughout the watershed. Printing is done by The Chronicle, and distribution is by the Chronicle, the Olympia Daily Olympian, the Tenino Independent, the Rochester Sun News and the Aberdeen Daily World. This is an early edition available only to WWW users. Please send us your Drops of Water feedback.
The first people to find errors in spelling or word structure receive a free map of the Chehalis watershed. Send us an e-mail note telling us about the error. |
Special Thanks
Drops of Water is funded by organizations interested in the watershed.
This edition was made possible by substantial grants from:
- Washington State Department of Transportation
- Hancock Timber Resource Group
and the continuing support of the U.S. FWS.
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A land trust is a local, independent nonprofit organization of citizens dedicated to protecting significant natural areas. These open spaces are important to the quality of life and environmental health of the community. Over 1200 land trusts operate in all 50 states conserving millions of acres of farms and forests, wetlands and wildlife habitat, seashores and harbor areas, trails, scenery and recreational sites.
A Local Land Trust:
The Chehalis River Basin Land Trust was born in 1995 to "conserve ecologically significant" lands throughout the Chehalis basin including Grays Harbor. The drainages of all rivers and streams leading to either the Chehalis River or the Harbor fall into this category. Currently the land trust manages four conservation easements. Several other projects are underway in partnership with other conservation groups.
Fund Raising Yard Sale
On Saturday and Sunday, September 18 and 19, the Chehalis River Basin Land Trust will hold its first fund-raiser - a yard sale. Location of the sale is in Grand Mound, just north of Route #12 and Old Hwy #99. It will run from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. All the proceeds from this sale will go into the Land Trust's Stewardship Fund, dedicated to the care of its Conservation Easements and donated properties.
The Next Project
The specific inspiration for this activity is the impending donation of a small parcel on the shores of the Chehalis River.
The bank and upper shore are overgrown with reed canary grass and blackberries, both invasive non-native plants. The Land Trust hopes to restore native trees, shrubs and groundcover to the site within 12 months of acquisition. The new plantings will help to shade the part of the river for fish use, stabilize the bank and provide homes for songbirds.
Besides restoration, Stewardship Funds usually cover a number of other costs associated with land management. Among these may be liability insurance, surveys and legal fees. The Fund helps the Land Trust effectively fulfill its responsibilities of maintaining good fish and wildlife habitat and protecting water quality.
All those seeking more information or wishing to help may call either Jesse Banick at (360) 736-3923 or Janet Strong at (360) 495-3950. If you have items to donate or time to help, please call. Everyone is invited to come by.
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Editors note: This month the focus is on the Humptulips River. Occasionally we publish a watershed description from the 1992 Chehalis River Basin Action Plan.
We are looking for serious volunteers who can assist the Chehalis River Council bring this section of the report up to date. Please contact us if you are interested.
Topography and Geology : The Humptulips River is the westernmost tributary of the Chehalis system. The East and West Forks of the Humptulips River originate in the Olympic National Forest and merge 4.5 miles above the Town of Humptulips. It does not flow directly into the Chehalis, but joins the waters of Grays Harbor on the north bay side. The drainage area of the Humptulips basin is 276 square miles. Annual precipitation at the headwaters is over 220 inches. High intensity and long duration storms are frequent. Soils are derived from marine basalts with some minor inclusions of marine net a sedimentary bedrock. These soils are highly erodible. The high, subalpine Quinault Ridge divides the Humptulips drainage from the Quinault with dramatic ridges, many of then logged and eroded severely. The average discharge is 1,344 cfs. The maximum recorded discharge was 33,000 cfs in January 1935. The minimum recorded discharge was 82 cfs in September 1944.
Beneficial Uses of Water : The City of Hoquiam has a water right permit for 100 cfs from the Humptulips. Two hundred and twenty acres have irrigation water rights, but only an estimated one-third of the acres are actually irrigated.
Water Quality Trends : Erosion of streambanks is nothing new to this mountain-born river. Today it is estimated that the river actively erodes 20 miles of its banks, washing away about 9 acres of bottomland annually. The most severe erosion is found below the town of Humptulips, as the river forms an alluvial plain. Mass wastage of glacial gravel-based river banks has been severe, though, with the minimal buffer strips left after clear-cut logging unable to hold slopes during high rain fall periods. The last two winters, for instance, have seen some severe bank degradation, particularly on the more heavily logged East Fork.
Forest land erosion is general is the main source of sediment in our rivers, An estimated 85% of this fine silt and sand come from upstream logging, ground clearing, and road construction. Approximately 15% of our streams' suspended sediment load comes from streambank erosion. Other significant impacts result from attempts at erosion control, which can cause channel migration and disruption of the biologically productive riffle-pool systems in the rivers, and the destruction of gravel bars.
Existing Land Use Patterns : The land is predominantly commercial forest, with some pasture and cropland. Uses of the basin include fishing, gravel extraction, logging, water supply, some farming, and recreation. The Quinault Ranger District of the Olympic National Forest has been one of the last sources of quality old growth timber available. Lower elevation timber is mostly "between crops"--young, second-growth timber, which is principally planted Douglas fir, but includes naturally regenerated western hemlock, alder, redcedar, and cottonwood. The canyons and cascades of the West Fork of the Humptulips are particularly notable, as many of the steep streamside margins have been too difficult to log, and old growth remains. Like the Wynoochee drainage in the Olympic National Forest, the reevaluation of forest management practices, first initiated by the spotted owl decision, has momentarily brought timber harvest to a virtual standstill. Watershed and subwatershed management considerations have been elevated to priority status by the Forest Service.
Historical Uses Impacting Watershed : Probably the most profound affect on the river's course in historic times has been the nearly 30 splash dams constructed along it. Constructed by such companies as the Humptulips Driving Company (a concern engaged in splash dam construction and operation for over 40 years), these dams decimated salmon runs.
Even in the days of wide-open, unregulated logging, this disaster was recognized (after the fact), and the Humptulips Driving Company, for instance, was forced to construct four salmon hatcheries to help mitigate the damage. One of these, on Stevens Creek, was located just upstream from a modem fish hatchery now located near the confluence of this tributary with the main Humptulips.
Early fish hatcheries were "fry stations", which collected eggs and released salmon at a young age. Most of these experimental efforts were unsuccessful, and salmon runs continued to dwindle. The combination of disturbed or destroyed habitat, lack of hatchery experience, and over fishing all led to dramatic decline of a world-class fishery. Hatcheries today still have an uphill struggle to get fish to survive and return to the rivers of the Chehalis and other watersheds. An important study is now under way to try to determine the causes of the high rate of death of young coho. Humptulips stock, with their much higher survival rate, are being studied for understanding of their relative success. In this, the Humptulips is the least impacted river of the Chehalis watershed system.
While gravel removal from Humptulips has historically been an easy enterprise during summer low water, the destruction of spawning habit and the quarrying effects on river course change have been significant. Commercial gravel removal from river bars has now been eliminated, but some private permitted individuals still harvest river bar gravel. One former gravel pit--Loomis Ponds--has recently been re-engineered to allow an egress channel between the abandoned pits and the river, allowing a natural chum salmon spawning area to develop. A cooperative effort between interested groups has now added a steelhead fry implanting component, helping the former borrow pit to become part of a Humptulips fisheries enhancement program that is attracting the attention of conservationists, commercial and sports fishermen, and government agencies.
Eighty-eight square miles of the upper drainage is administered by the Olympic National Forest. The Headwaters are administered by the Olympic National Park. The Olympic National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan FEIS - 1990 rates the Humptulips River drainage in a high sensitivity condition class which requires special enhancement or mitigation considerations for watershed condition. This drainage has been less intensively managed than the Wynoochee or Satsop drainages. Road densities averages 2.79 miles/ square mile and most subbasins have about 34% of stands in ages less than 35 years. Older unstable roads are less frequent in this drainage than the Wynoochee and Satsop drainages. Since 1990, timber harvest has been dramatically reduced in this drainage as most of the drainage is included in a Northern Spotted Owl Critical Habitat Area.
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Students, Watersheds, Invertebrates and Habitats all add up to SWISH!
By Arthur Grunbaum
In the past weeks, students in the CORE program at Ocosta Junior High School have been studying wetlands and the connections between the animals and plants that live in and around them with clean water.
This unit was built around a series of day camps to be held at Grays Harbor College and the Lake Swano interpretive trail.
The students from Ocosta and ninth graders from Aberdeen High School were treated to a series of mini courses that included water quality testing, identifying riparian plants, drawing the stream invertebrates found in Alder Creek, observing salmon and clipping the fins of hatchery salmon about to be released.
According to Ocosta student, Gene Chappelle, "It let dozens of kids have a fun day of learning."
The unit culminated with the play "The Incredible Undersea Trial of Joseph P. Lawnboy" presented by Seattle Public Theater to audiences at Ocosta, Miller Junior High and Aberdeen High.
As one student reviewer said, " I liked the way they took a serious problem and told us about it in a fun way instead of lecturing us."
The idea was spearheaded by local clean water advocate and FOGH (Friends of Grays Harbor) board member, Brady Engvall, teachers Victor Garcia of Ocosta Schools and Greg Books of Miller Junior High and Hannah Merrill, the model watershed coordinator at Grays Harbor College.
Brady enlisted the financial help of FOGH, an organization dedicated to the principles of clean water and a healthy estuary and the support of the Chehalis River Council, to make this dream a reality.
FOGH had negotiated an agreement with the city of Aberdeen to earmark some Clean Water Act funds to promote and develop a cleanwater education program involving the Estuary.
The resultant demonstration project made this initial educational experience possible for about 400 students.
It is the hope of the groups involved that the exercises developed this spring can be taken to other schools in the Chehalis Basin and that future units focusing on language and graphic arts can be developed next year. "We were very satisfied with the direction that Victor, Hannah and the rest of the teachers were taking this program and look forward to its further development next year," said Brady Engvall.
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Editor's note: Recent news stories about water conservation requirements, contaminants in the ground water, low stream flows and the ever present fish issues are all tied to this story:
PREFACE
Understanding the interaction of ground water and surface water is essential to water managers and water scientists. Management of one component of the hydrologic system, such as a stream or an aquifer, commonly is only partly effective because each hydrologic component is in continuing interaction with other components. The following are a few examples of common water-resource issues where understanding the interconnections of ground water and surface water is fundamental to development of effective water resource management and policy.
WATER SUPPLY
It has become difficult in recent years to construct reservoirs for surface storage of water because of environmental concerns and because of the difficulty in locating suitable sites. An alternative, which can reduce or eliminate the necessity for surface storage, is to use an aquifer system for temporary storage of water. For example, water stored underground during times of high streamflow can be withdrawn during times of low streamflow. The characteristics and extent of the interactions of ground water and surface water affect the success of such conjunctive use projects.
Methods of accounting for water rights of streams invariably account for surface-water diversions and surface-water return flows. Increasingly, the diversions from a stream that result from ground-water withdrawals are considered in accounting for water rights as are ground-water return flows from irrigation and other applications of water to the land surface. Accounting for these ground-water components can be difficult and controversial. Another form of water-rights accounting involves the trading of ground-water rights and surface-water rights. This has been proposed as a water-management tool where the rights to the total water resource can be shared. It is an example of the growing realization that ground water and surface water are essentially one resource.
In some regions, the water released from reservoirs decreases in volume, or is delayed significantly, as it moves downstream because some of the released water seeps into the streambanks. These losses of water and delays in travel time can be significant, depending on antecedent ground-water and streamflow conditions as well as on other factors such as the condition of the channel and the presence of aquatic and riparian vegetation.
Storage of water in streambanks, on flood plains, and in wetlands along streams reduces flooding downstream. Modifications of the natural interaction between ground water and surface water along streams, such as drainage of wetlands and construction of levees, can remove some of this natural attenuation of floods. Unfortunately, present knowledge is limited with respect to the effects of land surface modifications in river valleys on floods and on the natural interaction of ground water and surface water in reducing potential flooding.
WATER QUALITY
Much of the ground-water contamination in the United States is in shallow aquifers that are directly connected to surface water. In some settings where this is the case, ground water can be a major and potentially long-term contributor to contamination of surface water. Determining the contributions of ground water to contamination of streams and lakes is a critical step in developing effective water management practices.
A focus on watershed planning and management is increasing among government agencies responsible for managing water quality as well as broader aspects of the environment. The watershed approach recognizes that water, starting with precipitation, usually moves through the subsurface before entering stream channels and flowing out of the watersheds Integrating ground water into this "systems" approach is essential, but challenging, because of limitations in knowledge of the interactions of ground water and surface water. These difficulties are further complicated by the fact that surface-water watersheds and ground-water watersheds may not coincide.
To meet water-quality standards and criteria, States and local agencies need to determine the amount of contaminant movement (wasteload) to surface waters so they can issue permits and control discharges of waste. Typically, groundwater inputs are not included in estimates of wasteload; yet, in some cases, water-quality standards and criteria cannot be met without reducing contaminant loads from groundwater discharges to streams.
It is generally assumed that ground water is safe for consumption without treatment. Concerns about the quality of ground water from wells near streams, where contaminated surface water might be part of the source of water to the well, have led to increasing interest in identifying when filtration or treatment of ground water is needed.
Wetlands, marshes, and wooded areas along streams (riparian zones) are protected in some areas to help maintain wildlife habitat and the quality of nearby surface water. Greater knowledge of the water-quality functions of riparian zones and of the pathways of exchange between shallow ground water and surface-water bodies is necessary to properly evaluate the effects of riparian zones on water quality.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
Mixing of ground water with surface water can have major effects on aquatic environments if factors such as acidity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen are altered. Thus, changes in the natural interaction of ground water and surface water caused by human activities can potentially have a significant effect on aquatic environments.
The flow between surface water and ground water creates a dynamic habitat for aquatic fauna near the interface. These organisms are part of a food chain that sustains a diverse ecological community. Studies indicate that these organisms may provide important indications of water quality as well as of adverse changes in aquatic environments.
Many wetlands are dependent on a relatively stable influx of ground water throughout changing seasonal and annual weather patterns. Wetlands can be highly sensitive to the effects of ground-water development and to land-use changes that modify the groundwater flow regime of a wetland area. Understanding wetlands in the context of their associated ground-water flow systems is essential to assessing the cumulative effects of wetlands on water quality, ground-water flow, and streamflow in large areas, The success of efforts to construct new wetlands that replicate those that have been destroyed depends on the extent to which the replacement wetland is hydrologically similar to the destroyed wetlands For example, the replacement of a wetland that is dependent on ground water for its water and chemical input needs to be located in a similar ground-water discharge area if the new wetland is to replicate the original. Although a replacement wetland may have a water depth similar to the original, the communities that populate the replacement wetland may be completely different from communities that were present in the original wetland because of differences in hydrogeologic setting.
Source: USGS Ground Water and Surface Water, A single Resource, circular 1139
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Join Washington WaterWeeks, August 28 through October 3.
For more than a decade, Washington WaterWeeks has brought together residents of all ages to celebrate, learn about and protect our state's waters.
From August 28 through October 3, you can join neighbors in planting streamside trees, counting returning salmon, learning about water quality, and monitoring local watersheds. Or you can join other residents at water celebrations, or in cleaning up ocean and lake beaches. WaterWeeks offers something for everyone.
For more information about WaterWeeks events call the WaterWeeks office in Olympia at 360-943-3642.
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As Drops of Water went to press, here are the local WaterWeeks events already planned:
Olympia Harbor Days
Event Type: festival
Sept. 3 - Sept. 5,
Friday, 5- 8 p.m.; Saturday & Sunday, 10a.m.-7p.m.
Percival Landing and Port Plaza
FREE!
The Northwest's premier tugboat showcase provides public tugboat tours on Saturday, tugboat races on Sunday. Over 140 arts/crafts vendors and an international food court. Kids activities, music and entertainment. For details, call 800-788-TUGS. Sponsor: South Sound Maritime Heritage Association.
Woodard Bay Project
Event Type: habitat
Sept. 18 - Sept. 18, 9 a.m.-noon
Woodard Bay NRCA
FREE!
Woodard Bay NRCA is popular for birdwatching and nature walks. DNR is trying a new technique to remove circles of invasive weeds, which later will be planted with native shrubs and trees to return the area to its natural condition. (Limit 8-10 people.) For details, call Pene Speaks, 360-902-1916. Sponsor: Dept. of Natural Resources.
Kids for South Puget Sound
Event Type: education, habitat
Sept. 25 - Sept. 25, 11:30 a.m. - 2:30 p.m.
Boston Harbor Marina
FREE!
Explore Puget Sound sea life with divers who will bring underwater critters and plants up close for you. Make something special to take home! Car pool from Burfoot County Park or Intercity Transit route #81. For details, call 360-786-5595 or TDD 360-754-2933. Sponsor: Thurston County Parks and Recreation.
Salmon Interpretive Walk with South Sound Green
Event Type: hikes/walks, salmon-related
Sept. 25 - Oct. 2, 1 - 2:30 p.m.
Bayview Market deli
FREE!
Learn about the fall Chinook and Coho salmon and watch as they make their way from Budd Inlet to Capitol Lake and beyond. Take home a salmon kit that shares ways you can help protect local salmon and their habitat. Registration is required. For details or registration, call Kathy Jacobson, 360-754-4253. Sponsor: South Sound GREEN.
H2O Detectives at Black Lake
Event Type: education, water quality
Oct. 2 - Oct. 2, 10 a.m. - 1 p.m.
Black Lake
FREE!
Have you ever collected water and taken a very close look to see what's living there? Join us as we take a look at stream and lake water from our community. Learn why it's so important to keep pollution out of our water for wildlife and humans. For details, call 360-786-5595 or TDD 360-754-2933. Sponsor: Thurston County Parks and Recreation.
Sound Stewards Estuary Tours
Event Type: tour, habitat
- Oct. 2
Various South Sound locations
FREE!
Explore South Sound estuaries. Choose among several tours including Budd Inlet's Historic Shoreline and East Bay Habitat. Wear sturdy footwear. Ongoing. For specific tours and details, call Chris Hawkins, 360-705-0987. Sponsors: South Sound YMCA Earth Service Corps, City of Olympia Stream Team.
Canoe the Chehalis
Event Type: canoe/kayak, cleanup
Sept. 18 - Sept. 18, 9 a.m. - 2 p.m.
Oakville to Porter
FREE!
Canoe from Oakville to Porter (approximately 10 miles). Bring your own canoe to the CRC office to organize and coordinate rides. We will clean up put-in site. For details, call Rob Schanz or Brenda Boardman, 360-273-6137. Sponsor: Chehalis River Council.
Cyber Lake Celebration
Event Type: education
- Sept. 18, anytime
Cyber Lake
FREE!
Visit North Beach High School's Cyber Lake project, which received a national EPA Presidential Youth award (1 of 10 awarded). Access their web site at www.techline.com/~nbcrow or view it through the Discovery channel's Wild Word CD-ROM. Sponsor: Ocean Shores Interpretive Center.
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As residents of the bountiful community known as Washington State, our quality of life is rooted in the abundance and quality of our waters. Our lakes, rivers, marine waters and groundwater are so much a part of us that we sometimes take them for granted.
Today, we are facing unprecedented challenges to preserving and protecting these waters. Our wild salmon and all living creatures, including ourselves, depend on clean water. If our waters are too polluted for salmon, they're too polluted for us.
To find the solutions to our water and habitat challenges, all of us must be willing to change - to take responsibility for, and take action to protect our state's waters. We must be willing to embrace a new tradition of more active water stewardship.
Taking part in Washington WaterWeeks activities is a great way for citizens, businesses and government to work together to start this new tradition - and to do what's best for our waters, our salmon and our children and grandchildren.
- Gary Locke, Governor of the State of Washington
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"Our arrogance in thinking that we can manipulate some aspect of an ecosystem, without disrupting the whole system, has got us into all kinds of trouble."
What is an "exotic species?" Is it a species that dances suggestively in a downtown nightclub? Yes! Uh, sorry, I got a little carried away there. I meant to say "no" - that's not what an exotic species is.
An exotic species is a plant or animal that has been introduced into an area where it does not naturally occur. We have a bunch of them in the Chehalis River Basin. And believe me, they aren't doing us any favors.
So, what's the problem?
Well, in a natural ecosystem there are typically "checks and balances" that have evolved as the various species have evolved together in a community. I heard a great example on the radio this morning. Magnolia trees in the southeast, when attacked by a caterpillar, give off a chemical scent that attracts wasps that kill caterpillars. Ain't nature great?
However, there is a problem now with the exotic Japanese beetle, which also likes to eat magnolias. It seems that the wasp-attracting scent also attracts the beetles. The tree can't distinguish between the beetle and the caterpillar, so when a beetle finds the tree and starts eating, the call is sent out to the wasps, and this actually attracts more beetles.
One of our local examples of a problematic exotic species is parrotfeather. Parrotfeather is an aquatic plant that was imported from South America for use in ornamental ponds and aquariums. It has escaped into the Chehalis River and has infested backwaters and off-channel ponds along the river. These off-channel areas are key habitat for coho salmon and other species. The parrotfeather gets so thick that it can completely block the sunlight that supports natural populations of algae, and the insects that feed on the algae, and the fish that feed on the insects, and the animals that feed on the fish . . . I think you get the idea.
Some exotic species introductions have a much more direct impact on humans, and the ones that often get attention are the ones that impact our wallets.
The green crab is an exotic species from Europe that has hammered the shellfish industry on the east coast. And guess what folks - it has arrived here. Hundreds of them have been found in Willapa Bay, and dozens in Grays Harbor. The crab is thought to be spread in ballast water of ships, though it may have also spread in seaweed used to pack bait shipped to the west coast from Maine.
Not all exotic species introductions are accidental. I know because I used to get paid to do it.
When I worked for the California Department of Fish and Game I went out and collected smallmouth bass (on hook and line - talk about a fun job!), which I would transport around to different places. (Bass originally came from the southeastern states.) Heck, smallmouth bass sell fishing licences and tackle, so the thinking was to support the agency and local economies by making them available to fishermen all over the place.
It's the same deal in Washington, and with the help of illegal bass planting they have spread into the Chehalis River.
As a former tournament bass fisherman, I also know that a bass will eat just about anything it can fit in its mouth. (Ever wonder what a big ol' double-bladed chartruse spinnerbait is supposed to resemble?) Well, bass like the same type of habitat as juvenile coho salmon - and they eat 'em too. Check out the photo of the little smallmouth bass with the salmon fry that were found in its stomach. If these bass in the Chehalis are putting a big hit on the salmon populations, it's going to cost us.
Things get really complicated when we start monkeying with ecosystems like this. If you think rocket science is complicated, you should try biology.
Our arrogance in thinking that we can manipulate some aspect of an ecosystem, without disrupting the whole system, has got us into all kinds of trouble. Please understand how serious it can be if you decide you want some catfish in the local pond, or the problems you may cause by releasing that pet turtle, or tropical fish that has outgrown your aquarium.
Hey, check this out. Here's another example of where I contributed to the problem.
As a kid I had an exotic pet turtle. I got sick, and we found out that it was the turtle that gave me the illness. So what did Dad and I do? We released it into the local pond! (Fortunately, this was in New Jersey.) So not only had we introduced an exotic turtle, but we released a disease along with it.
Now that I've helped ruin California and New Jersey, I'm here in Washington. Hopefully this time I can do some good, and help ease my guilty conscience, by convincing you to just say NO to exotic species.
If you'd like more information, call me at 360-753-9560. My name is Mike Kelly, and I manage the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Chehalis Fisheries Restoration Program.
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If you are one of the 45,000 Lewis, Thurston or Grays Harbor county residents who subscribes to the Aberdeen World, Olympian, Chronicle or Tenino Star, you've been getting Drops of Water since October 1996. You've been exposed to a lot of information and stories relating to our wonderful Chehalis watershed.
Please take a few minutes and send us your opinions. What do you like, what do you not like, what do you want to see more of? Is this newsletter of use or value? We need to hear from YOU!
Send online mail right now to: to the CRC or use a postcard or plain paper andmail your comments to:
Drops of Water, PO Box 586, Oakville, 98568
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Anne Coleman took a well-deserved break this summer. The Youth Corner this month was created by Cheryl Coleman, her mother.
RIDDLES
How do you spell "mousetrap" in three letters?
What's the difference between a cat and a comma?
Do fish perspire?
Which is correct? The whites of egg is yellow, or the whites of eggs are yellow?
If Washington's wife went to Washinton while Washington's washwoman washed Washington's woolies, how many W's in all?
SCRAMBLE
What might you find at the zoo? Unscramble the letters and see!
1. FEGFAIR _______________
2. GROALTAIL _______________
3. CORNCOA _______________
4. ANTEPHLE _______________
5. REBA _______________
6. KOMNYE _______________
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Riddles:
1. C A T
2. The cat has claws at the end of his paws, while the comma has its pause at the end of its clause.
3. Yes. What do you think makes the sea salty?
4. Neither. The whites are not yellow at all!
5. These are no W's in all.
Scramble:
1. Giraffe
2. Alligator
3. Raccoon
4. Elephant
5. Bear
6. Monkey
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